living - details excluded
                                                _Samuel Haven URAN __+
                                               | (1817 - 1904) m 1882
                          _Samuel URAN ________|
                         | (1884 - 1961) m 1909|
                         |                     |_Helena G. HANSON ___
                         |                       (1857 - 1946) m 1882
 _Robert William URAN ___|
|                        |
|                        |                      _____________________
|                        |                     |                     
|                        |_Mary CLAUSEN _______|
|                          (1885 - 1971) m 1909|
|                                              |_____________________
|                                                                    
|
|--Sam Albin URAN 
|  
|                                               _____________________
|                                              |                     
|                         _____________________|
|                        |                     |
|                        |                     |_____________________
|                        |                                           
|_Anabel Elaine SWANSON _|
                         |
                         |                      _____________________
                         |                     |                     
                         |_____________________|
                                               |
                                               |_____________________
                                                                     
                                             _Joseph URAN ________+
                                            | (1696 - 1760) m 1735
                       _George URAN ________|
                      | (.... - 1801)       |
                      |                     |_Rebecca _____ ______
                      |                        m 1735             
 _Reuben URAN ________|
| (.... - 1802)       |
|                     |                      _____________________
|                     |                     |                     
|                     |_Mary _____ _________|
|                       (.... - 1801)       |
|                                           |_____________________
|                                                                 
|
|--Samuel URAN 
|  
|                                            _____________________
|                                           |                     
|                      _____________________|
|                     |                     |
|                     |                     |_____________________
|                     |                                           
|_____________________|
                      |
                      |                      _____________________
                      |                     |                     
                      |_____________________|
                                            |
                                            |_____________________
                                                                  
[31] Recorded at Newbury, MA.
[32] Recorded at Newbury, MA.
                                             _John URAN __________+
                                            | (1657 - 1734)       
                       _Richard URAN _______|
                      | (1686 - 1776) m 1717|
                      |                     |_Abigail WESTBROOK __+
                      |                       (.... - 1686)       
 _John URAN __________|
| (.... - 1796) m 1746|
|                     |                      _John CORLISS _______
|                     |                     | (.... - 1697) m 1684
|                     |_Mehitable CORLISS __|
|                       (1698 - ....) m 1717|
|                                           |_Mary WILFORD _______
|                                             (1667 - 1711) m 1684
|
|--Samuel URAN 
|  (1752 - 1753)
|                                            _____________________
|                                           |                     
|                      _____________________|
|                     |                     |
|                     |                     |_____________________
|                     |                                           
|_Sarah DUTY _________|
  (.... - 1759) m 1746|
                      |                      _____________________
                      |                     |                     
                      |_____________________|
                                            |
                                            |_____________________
                                                                  
[33] Recorded at Newbury, MA.
                                             _John URAN __________+
                                            | (1657 - 1734)       
                       _Richard URAN _______|
                      | (1686 - 1776) m 1717|
                      |                     |_Abigail WESTBROOK __+
                      |                       (.... - 1686)       
 _John URAN __________|
| (.... - 1796) m 1746|
|                     |                      _John CORLISS _______
|                     |                     | (.... - 1697) m 1684
|                     |_Mehitable CORLISS __|
|                       (1698 - ....) m 1717|
|                                           |_Mary WILFORD _______
|                                             (1667 - 1711) m 1684
|
|--Samuel URAN 
|  (1754 - ....)
|                                            _____________________
|                                           |                     
|                      _____________________|
|                     |                     |
|                     |                     |_____________________
|                     |                                           
|_Sarah DUTY _________|
  (.... - 1759) m 1746|
                      |                      _____________________
                      |                     |                     
                      |_____________________|
                                            |
                                            |_____________________
                                                                  
                                             _Francis URAN _______+
                                            | (1660 - 1713)       
                       _Joseph URAN ________|
                      | (1691 - 1764) m 1722|
                      |                     |_Alice _____ ________
                      |                       (.... - 1713)       
 _Thomas URAN ________|
| (1723 - 1792) m 1751|
|                     |                      _____________________
|                     |                     |                     
|                     |_Sarah JAMISON ______|
|                       (.... - 1745) m 1722|
|                                           |_____________________
|                                                                 
|
|--Samuel URAN 
|  (1774 - 1791)
|                                            _____________________
|                                           |                     
|                      _____________________|
|                     |                     |
|                     |                     |_____________________
|                     |                                           
|_Mary SLOPER ________|
  (1730 - 1815) m 1751|
                      |                      _____________________
                      |                     |                     
                      |_____________________|
                                            |
                                            |_____________________
                                                                  
                                             _Richard URAN _______+
                                            | (1686 - 1776) m 1717
                       _John URAN __________|
                      | (.... - 1796) m 1746|
                      |                     |_Mehitable CORLISS __+
                      |                       (1698 - ....) m 1717
 _James URAN _________|
| (1757 - 1845)       |
|                     |                      _____________________
|                     |                     |                     
|                     |_Sarah DUTY _________|
|                       (.... - 1759) m 1746|
|                                           |_____________________
|                                                                 
|
|--Samuel URAN 
|  (1781 - 1828)
|                                            _____________________
|                                           |                     
|                      _____________________|
|                     |                     |
|                     |                     |_____________________
|                     |                                           
|_Mary CORSER ________|
  (1759 - 1834)       |
                      |                      _____________________
                      |                     |                     
                      |_____________________|
                                            |
                                            |_____________________
                                                                  
                                             _James URAN _________+
                                            | (1700 - ....) m 1724
                       _John URAN __________|
                      | (.... - 1798) m 1752|
                      |                     |_Hannah EDGERLY _____
                      |                        m 1724             
 _Paul URAN __________|
| (.... - 1855) m 1798|
|                     |                      _____________________
|                     |                     |                     
|                     |_Phebe DAVIS ________|
|                        m 1752             |
|                                           |_____________________
|                                                                 
|
|--Samuel URAN 
|  (1799 - 1880)
|                                            _____________________
|                                           |                     
|                      _____________________|
|                     |                     |
|                     |                     |_____________________
|                     |                                           
|_Mary WELCH _________|
   m 1798             |
                      |                      _____________________
                      |                     |                     
                      |_____________________|
                                            |
                                            |_____________________
                                                                  
                                                          _Jonathan URAN _____________________+
                                                         | (1732 - ....) m 1755               
                       _Jonathan URAN ___________________|
                      | (1774 - 1843) m 1807             |
                      |                                  |_Abigail HODGKINS __________________+
                      |                                    (1736 - 1842) m 1755               
 _Samuel Haven URAN __|
| (1817 - 1904) m 1882|
|                     |                                   _Nathaniel HAVEN ___________________+
|                     |                                  | (1766 - 1847)                      
|                     |_Sarah (Sally) J. Smith HAVEN(S) _|
|                       (1789 - 1882) m 1807             |
|                                                        |_Elizabeth (Betsey) (widow) SNYDER _
|                                                          (1760 - 1835)                      
|
|--Samuel URAN 
|  (1884 - 1961)
|                                                         ____________________________________
|                                                        |                                    
|                      __________________________________|
|                     |                                  |
|                     |                                  |____________________________________
|                     |                                                                       
|_Helena G. HANSON ___|
  (1857 - 1946) m 1882|
                      |                                   ____________________________________
                      |                                  |                                    
                      |__________________________________|
                                                         |
                                                         |____________________________________
                                                                                              
                                             _Jonathan URAN ___________________+
                                            | (1774 - 1843) m 1807             
                       _Samuel Haven URAN __|
                      | (1817 - 1904) m 1882|
                      |                     |_Sarah (Sally) J. Smith HAVEN(S) _+
                      |                       (1789 - 1882) m 1807             
 _George URAN ________|
| (1881 - 1966) m 1910|
|                     |                      __________________________________
|                     |                     |                                  
|                     |_Helena G. HANSON ___|
|                       (1857 - 1946) m 1882|
|                                           |__________________________________
|                                                                              
|
|--Samuel URAN 
|  (1920 - 1970)
|                                            __________________________________
|                                           |                                  
|                      _____________________|
|                     |                     |
|                     |                     |__________________________________
|                     |                                                        
|_Clara Olive WOLD ___|
  (1882 - 1941) m 1910|
                      |                      __________________________________
                      |                     |                                  
                      |_____________________|
                                            |
                                            |__________________________________
                                                                               
Samuel Uran is found in 1860 census of Kankakee Co., IL, p. 313 (town of Rockville), and 1870 census of Stearns Co., MN, p. 15. Century Farms of Minnesota (1985) p. 67 shows him b. Rutland, VT, then to NY in 1838, then 1854 to IL, then to MN in 1867 to Stearns Co. (Maine Prairie, now Kimball -- property is now Sunset Ridge Ski Slide), then 1873 to Section 34, Glendorado Tp., Benton Co., MN. Property in Glendorado is on Benton Co., line, and now extends into that county.
Farm in Benton Co., is included in Century Farms of Minnesota (1985), p. 67. History of Upper Mississippi Valley (1881) indicates he was Chairman of the town board of Glendorado about 1880.
An obituary appeared in the Princeton Union (Mille Lacs, Minnesota) 07 apr 1904: "Samuel Uran, one of the old settlers of the town of Glendorado, Benton county, died at his home last Thursday at the age of eighty-seven years. He located on section thirty-four in that township in 1875 and made his home there until his death. The funeral services were held on Monday at 1 p.m. at the M. E. Church at Santiago, Rev. W. H. Orrock officiating, and the interment was in the St. Francis cemetery. Mr. Uran was born in Rutland county, Vermont, on the sixth of April, 1817. At the age of eleven years he moved to New York and in 1854 to Illinois, coming to Minnesota in 1867. He first located at Maine Prairie, Stearns county, where he resided for six year[s] when he moved to Glendor[a]do. He leaves a wife and several children. Mr. Uran in his younger days took a great deal of interest in local affairs and was chairman of the town board at different times and held other local offices."
[220] According to 1850 census, Washington Co., NY, town of Hebron, p. 300.
[221] Listed in 1850 census, Washington Co., NY, town of Hebron, p. 300. Deed transactions as late as 1861: Samuel & Margaret Uran to James Bassett, book 44 p 579, 15jan1861.
[14404] Date from Dick Uran's family notes. History of the Upper Mississippi Valley (1881) says 1846.
                                                                         _Richard URAN _______+
                                                                        | (1686 - 1776) m 1717
                                    _Jonathan URAN _____________________|
                                   | (1732 - ....) m 1755               |
                                   |                                    |_Mehitable CORLISS __+
                                   |                                      (1698 - ....) m 1717
 _Jonathan URAN ___________________|
| (1774 - 1843) m 1807             |
|                                  |                                     _Ezekiel HODGKINS ___+
|                                  |                                    |  m 1731             
|                                  |_Abigail HODGKINS __________________|
|                                    (1736 - 1842) m 1755               |
|                                                                       |_Margaret LAKEMAN ___+
|                                                                         (.... - 1744) m 1731
|
|--Samuel Haven URAN 
|  (1817 - 1904)
|                                                                        _Clarke HAVEN _______+
|                                                                       | (1742 - 1821) m 1765
|                                   _Nathaniel HAVEN ___________________|
|                                  | (1766 - 1847)                      |
|                                  |                                    |_Mary FLAGG _________+
|                                  |                                      (1744 - 1823) m 1765
|_Sarah (Sally) J. Smith HAVEN(S) _|
  (1789 - 1882) m 1807             |
                                   |                                     _____________________
                                   |                                    |                     
                                   |_Elizabeth (Betsey) (widow) SNYDER _|
                                     (1760 - 1835)                      |
                                                                        |_____________________
                                                                                              
                                             _John URAN __________+
                                            | (.... - 1798) m 1752
                       _Paul URAN __________|
                      | (.... - 1855) m 1798|
                      |                     |_Phebe DAVIS ________
                      |                        m 1752             
 _Samuel URAN ________|
| (1799 - 1880) m 1822|
|                     |                      _____________________
|                     |                     |                     
|                     |_Mary WELCH _________|
|                        m 1798             |
|                                           |_____________________
|                                                                 
|
|--Samuel Leonard URAN 
|  (1836 - 1858)
|                                            _____________________
|                                           |                     
|                      _____________________|
|                     |                     |
|                     |                     |_____________________
|                     |                                           
|_Abigail WOORSTER ___|
  (1805 - 1859) m 1822|
                      |                      _____________________
                      |                     |                     
                      |_____________________|
                                            |
                                            |_____________________
                                                                  
                                                _John URAN __________+
                                               | (1769 - 1842) m 1789
                          _John URAN __________|
                         | (1791 - 1875) m 1813|
                         |                     |_Catherine LOW ______
                         |                       (1769 - 1831) m 1789
 _Ruggles Hubbard URAN __|
| (1816 - 1900) m 1848   |
|                        |                      _____________________
|                        |                     |                     
|                        |_Hannah CHATTERTON __|
|                          (1795 - 1873) m 1813|
|                                              |_____________________
|                                                                    
|
|--Samuel Thomas URAN 
|  
|                                               _____________________
|                                              |                     
|                         _____________________|
|                        |                     |
|                        |                     |_____________________
|                        |                                           
|_Pamelia Delaverne LOW _|
  (1819 - 1872) m 1848   |
                         |                      _____________________
                         |                     |                     
                         |_____________________|
                                               |
                                               |_____________________
                                                                     
                                             _Joseph URAN ________+
                                            | (1691 - 1764) m 1722
                       _Thomas URAN ________|
                      | (1723 - 1792) m 1751|
                      |                     |_Sarah JAMISON ______
                      |                       (.... - 1745) m 1722
 _Richard URAN _______|
| (1757 - 1785) m 1781|
|                     |                      _____________________
|                     |                     |                     
|                     |_Mary SLOPER ________|
|                       (1730 - 1815) m 1751|
|                                           |_____________________
|                                                                 
|
|--Sarah URAN 
|  
|                                            _____________________
|                                           |                     
|                      _____________________|
|                     |                     |
|                     |                     |_____________________
|                     |                                           
|_Hannah WARD ________|
   m 1781             |
                      |                      _____________________
                      |                     |                     
                      |_____________________|
                                            |
                                            |_____________________
                                                                  
[52] This record needs to be reviewed. Is the date old style, or new style?
                                             _William URIN _______
                                            | (1625 - 1664) m 1646
                       _John URAN __________|
                      | (1657 - 1734)       |
                      |                     |_Eleanor _____ ______
                      |                       (1628 - 1699) m 1646
 _Richard URAN _______|
| (1686 - 1776) m 1717|
|                     |                      _John WESTBROOK _____
|                     |                     | (.... - 1697)       
|                     |_Abigail WESTBROOK __|
|                       (.... - 1686)       |
|                                           |_Martha WALFORD _____
|                                                                 
|
|--Sarah URAN 
|  
|                                            _____________________
|                                           |                     
|                      _John CORLISS _______|
|                     | (.... - 1697) m 1684|
|                     |                     |_____________________
|                     |                                           
|_Mehitable CORLISS __|
  (1698 - ....) m 1717|
                      |                      _____________________
                      |                     |                     
                      |_Mary WILFORD _______|
                        (1667 - 1711) m 1684|
                                            |_____________________
                                                                  
                                             _William URIN _______
                                            | (1625 - 1664) m 1646
                       _Francis URAN _______|
                      | (1660 - 1713)       |
                      |                     |_Eleanor _____ ______
                      |                       (1628 - 1699) m 1646
 _Joseph URAN ________|
| (1691 - 1764) m 1714|
|                     |                      _____________________
|                     |                     |                     
|                     |_Alice _____ ________|
|                       (.... - 1713)       |
|                                           |_____________________
|                                                                 
|
|--Sarah URAN 
|  (1716 - 1765)
|                                            _____________________
|                                           |                     
|                      _____________________|
|                     |                     |
|                     |                     |_____________________
|                     |                                           
|_Sarah STACEY _______|
  (1689 - 1721) m 1714|
                      |                      _____________________
                      |                     |                     
                      |_____________________|
                                            |
                                            |_____________________
                                                                  
                                             _Francis URAN _______+
                                            | (1660 - 1713)       
                       _Joseph URAN ________|
                      | (1691 - 1764) m 1722|
                      |                     |_Alice _____ ________
                      |                       (.... - 1713)       
 _Thomas URAN ________|
| (1723 - 1792) m 1751|
|                     |                      _____________________
|                     |                     |                     
|                     |_Sarah JAMISON ______|
|                       (.... - 1745) m 1722|
|                                           |_____________________
|                                                                 
|
|--Sarah URAN 
|  (1766 - 1812)
|                                            _____________________
|                                           |                     
|                      _____________________|
|                     |                     |
|                     |                     |_____________________
|                     |                                           
|_Mary SLOPER ________|
  (1730 - 1815) m 1751|
                      |                      _____________________
                      |                     |                     
                      |_____________________|
                                            |
                                            |_____________________
                                                                  
                                             _William URIN _______
                                            | (1625 - 1664) m 1646
                       _John URAN __________|
                      | (1657 - 1734) m 1686|
                      |                     |_Eleanor _____ ______
                      |                       (1628 - 1699) m 1646
 _Joseph URAN ________|
| (1696 - 1760) m 1735|
|                     |                      _James CATE _________
|                     |                     | (1635 - 1677)       
|                     |_Rebecca CATE _______|
|                        m 1686             |
|                                           |_Alice _____ ________
|                                             (1638 - 1702)       
|
|--Sarah URAN 
|  (.... - 1771)
|                                            _____________________
|                                           |                     
|                      _____________________|
|                     |                     |
|                     |                     |_____________________
|                     |                                           
|_Rebecca _____ ______|
   m 1735             |
                      |                      _____________________
                      |                     |                     
                      |_____________________|
                                            |
                                            |_____________________
                                                                  
                                             _Richard URAN _______+
                                            | (1686 - 1776) m 1717
                       _John URAN __________|
                      | (.... - 1796) m 1746|
                      |                     |_Mehitable CORLISS __+
                      |                       (1698 - ....) m 1717
 _Daniel URAN ________|
| (1750 - 1827)       |
|                     |                      _____________________
|                     |                     |                     
|                     |_Sarah DUTY _________|
|                       (.... - 1759) m 1746|
|                                           |_____________________
|                                                                 
|
|--Sarah URAN 
|  (1779 - 1846)
|                                            _____________________
|                                           |                     
|                      _____________________|
|                     |                     |
|                     |                     |_____________________
|                     |                                           
|_Sarah _____ ________|
  (1745 - 1838)       |
                      |                      _____________________
                      |                     |                     
                      |_____________________|
                                            |
                                            |_____________________
                                                                  
                                             _John URAN __________+
                                            | (.... - 1798) m 1752
                       _John URAN __________|
                      | (.... - 1833)       |
                      |                     |_Phebe DAVIS ________
                      |                        m 1752             
 _George URAN ________|
|                     |
|                     |                      _____________________
|                     |                     |                     
|                     |_Hannah MILLENS _____|
|                       (1772 - 1848)       |
|                                           |_____________________
|                                                                 
|
|--Sarah URAN 
|  (1826 - ....)
|                                            _____________________
|                                           |                     
|                      _____________________|
|                     |                     |
|                     |                     |_____________________
|                     |                                           
|_____________________|
                      |
                      |                      _____________________
                      |                     |                     
                      |_____________________|
                                            |
                                            |_____________________
                                                                  
                                             _Thomas URAN ________+
                                            | (1723 - 1792) m 1751
                       _John URAN __________|
                      | (1769 - 1842) m 1789|
                      |                     |_Mary SLOPER ________
                      |                       (1730 - 1815) m 1751
 _John URAN __________|
| (1791 - 1875) m 1813|
|                     |                      _____________________
|                     |                     |                     
|                     |_Catherine LOW ______|
|                       (1769 - 1831) m 1789|
|                                           |_____________________
|                                                                 
|
|--Sarah Ann URAN 
|  (1820 - 1846)
|                                            _____________________
|                                           |                     
|                      _____________________|
|                     |                     |
|                     |                     |_____________________
|                     |                                           
|_Hannah CHATTERTON __|
  (1795 - 1873) m 1813|
                      |                      _____________________
                      |                     |                     
                      |_____________________|
                                            |
                                            |_____________________
                                                                  
                                             _Joseph URAN ________+
                                            | (1691 - 1764) m 1722
                       _Thomas URAN ________|
                      | (1723 - 1792) m 1751|
                      |                     |_Sarah JAMISON ______
                      |                       (.... - 1745) m 1722
 _Joseph URAN ________|
| (1753 - 1799) m 1776|
|                     |                      _____________________
|                     |                     |                     
|                     |_Mary SLOPER ________|
|                       (1730 - 1815) m 1751|
|                                           |_____________________
|                                                                 
|
|--Sarah Dunton URAN 
|  
|                                            _____________________
|                                           |                     
|                      _____________________|
|                     |                     |
|                     |                     |_____________________
|                     |                                           
|_Hannah EMMES _______|
  (.... - 1829) m 1776|
                      |                      _____________________
                      |                     |                     
                      |_____________________|
                                            |
                                            |_____________________
                                                                  
                                             _Joseph URAN ________+
                                            | (1691 - 1764) m 1722
                       _Thomas URAN ________|
                      | (1723 - 1792) m 1751|
                      |                     |_Sarah JAMISON ______
                      |                       (.... - 1745) m 1722
 _Thomas URAN ________|
| (1762 - 1819) m 1785|
|                     |                      _____________________
|                     |                     |                     
|                     |_Mary SLOPER ________|
|                       (1730 - 1815) m 1751|
|                                           |_____________________
|                                                                 
|
|--Sarah Healy URAN 
|  (1799 - 1878)
|                                            _____________________
|                                           |                     
|                      _____________________|
|                     |                     |
|                     |                     |_____________________
|                     |                                           
|_Nancy FISHER _______|
  (.... - 1827) m 1785|
                      |                      _____________________
                      |                     |                     
                      |_____________________|
                                            |
                                            |_____________________
                                                                  
                                                                         _Richard URAN _______+
                                                                        | (1686 - 1776) m 1717
                                    _Jonathan URAN _____________________|
                                   | (1732 - ....) m 1755               |
                                   |                                    |_Mehitable CORLISS __+
                                   |                                      (1698 - ....) m 1717
 _Jonathan URAN ___________________|
| (1774 - 1843) m 1807             |
|                                  |                                     _Ezekiel HODGKINS ___+
|                                  |                                    |  m 1731             
|                                  |_Abigail HODGKINS __________________|
|                                    (1736 - 1842) m 1755               |
|                                                                       |_Margaret LAKEMAN ___+
|                                                                         (.... - 1744) m 1731
|
|--Sarah M. URAN 
|  (1830 - 1870)
|                                                                        _Clarke HAVEN _______+
|                                                                       | (1742 - 1821) m 1765
|                                   _Nathaniel HAVEN ___________________|
|                                  | (1766 - 1847)                      |
|                                  |                                    |_Mary FLAGG _________+
|                                  |                                      (1744 - 1823) m 1765
|_Sarah (Sally) J. Smith HAVEN(S) _|
  (1789 - 1882) m 1807             |
                                   |                                     _____________________
                                   |                                    |                     
                                   |_Elizabeth (Betsey) (widow) SNYDER _|
                                     (1760 - 1835)                      |
                                                                        |_____________________
                                                                                              
                                               _Thomas URAN ________+
                                              | (1723 - 1792) m 1751
                         _Richard URAN _______|
                        | (1757 - 1785) m 1781|
                        |                     |_Mary SLOPER ________
                        |                       (1730 - 1815) m 1751
 _Richard URAN _________|
| (.... - 1862) m 1809  |
|                       |                      _____________________
|                       |                     |                     
|                       |_Hannah WARD ________|
|                          m 1781             |
|                                             |_____________________
|                                                                   
|
|--Sarah Maria URAN 
|  (1821 - 1909)
|                                              _____________________
|                                             |                     
|                        _____________________|
|                       |                     |
|                       |                     |_____________________
|                       |                                           
|_Sarah Salisbury HUNT _|
  (1785 - 1859) m 1809  |
                        |                      _____________________
                        |                     |                     
                        |_____________________|
                                              |
                                              |_____________________
                                                                    
                                                   _Richard URAN _______+
                                                  | (1757 - 1785) m 1781
                           _Richard URAN _________|
                          | (.... - 1862) m 1809  |
                          |                       |_Hannah WARD ________
                          |                          m 1781             
 _William Dwight URAN ____|
| (1823 - 1884) m 1848    |
|                         |                        _____________________
|                         |                       |                     
|                         |_Sarah Salisbury HUNT _|
|                           (1785 - 1859) m 1809  |
|                                                 |_____________________
|                                                                       
|
|--Sarah Salisbury URAN 
|  
|                                                  _____________________
|                                                 |                     
|                          _______________________|
|                         |                       |
|                         |                       |_____________________
|                         |                                             
|_Frances Caroline SMITH _|
  (1829 - 1910) m 1848    |
                          |                        _____________________
                          |                       |                     
                          |_______________________|
                                                  |
                                                  |_____________________